92-year-old Holocaust survivor fled Kyiv again when Russia attacked Ukraine

"I did not believe that this could ever happen," said Rudzitskaya, sitting in the small one-bedroom flat she shares with her son Artur in the Polish city of Kraków.

"Earlier, the Germans were the enemy. But I don't understand the Russians. They think that they are defending their country, they are defending themselves, but they came to us. They have destroyed Kharkiv, what do they need it for?"

Rudzitskaya slowly goes through family photos she took from Kyiv along with some books, documents and basic necessities. She squints her eyes, trying to find her young self in the pictures. Her sight is failing her, but her memories are still vivid.

She was born in 1931 in a respectable Jewish family. Her grandfather, Nuchim Waisblat, was the main Kyiv rabbi, her father, Vladimir, was a writer and publisher of books by Ukrainian authors including Taras Shevchenko, the founding father of Ukrainian literature.

When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in early July 1941, Rudzitskaya woke up to the sound of bombs. As a young pioneer, the mass youth organization of the Soviet Union, she was tasked with delivering summons to young men to join the war.

But her father knew that as Jews they were no longer safe in Kyiv.

"He said in panic that we have no choice but to leave. But it was already almost impossible. In July the panic was terrible, everyone who could was fleeing: the Communists, Jews and all the others," Rudzitskaya said.

Her parents took her and her brother and fled first to Kharkiv in eastern Ukraine. From there, they travelled across the Soviet Union to Tashkent, the capital of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, located nearly 3,800 km (2360 miles) away from their hometown.

Rudzitskaya remembers they left Kharkiv on Sept. 21. On Sept. 29, the Babyn Yar massacre took place. Within two days, Nazis murdered some 33,771 Ukrainian Jews, one of the biggest single massacres of Jews during the Nazi Holocaust.

Russian shells struck close to the Babyn Yar memorial in March of 2022.

Friday Jan. 27 marks International Holocaust Memorial Day, on the anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz concentration camp.

Rudzitskaya's family returned to Kyiv after the war. She got a job as a typographist, got married and had her only son, Artur, 54.

When Russia invaded Ukraine, the two, with a help of a Kyiv synagogue fled first to Moldova, then to Lithuania, where an apartment was made available. But there were few job opportunities there for Artur.

The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, or Joint, a Jewish relief organization whose Kyiv branch was once headed by Rudzitskaya's grandfather, invited them to Warsaw and then to Kraków.

After passing through 10 different apartments since fleeing Kyiv, Rudzitskaya and her son now have a flat for three months. From the window they see a Russian flag hanging from the Russian consulate.

When you look the other way, the street looks like Kyiv, Rudzitskaya said.

"I want to go home. Just go out and talk to my neighbours in the language I understand," she said. "I had my own daily routine, everything. And here I am torn out of everything."

She had a grave waiting for her in Kyiv, she said, next to her parents.

"There is even a plaque with my name. You just need to add the last digits and everything, everything will be in order."

In the 11 months since it invaded, Russia has killed thousands of civilians, forced millions from their homes and reduced entire cities to rubble.

It says its "special military operation" was necessary to stem a security threat arising from Ukraine's ties to the West. Kyiv and its allies say Ukraine never menaced Russia and the invasion is a war of aggression to subdue a neighbour and seize land.