Presidents of Poland and Israel call for fight against anti-Semitism at the Auschwitz liberation anniversary

More than 1.1 million people, most of them Jews, perished in the camp's gas chambers or from starvation, cold and disease.

"Today we hear voices which spread hate, on the internet, on the street and in the centres of political power... Our duty is to fight anti-Semitism, racism and fascist nostalgia, those sick evils that... threaten to eat away at the foundations of our democracies," Israeli President Reuven Rivlin told a news conference at a venue near the camp, which is now a museum.

Polish President Andrzej Duda, who did not attend Israel's national Holocaust Memorial last Friday because he was not allowed to speak, thanked Rivlin for his presence at Auschwitz.

"This presence is a sign of remembrance, it is a visible sign of opposition to inhuman treatment, hatred, against all forms of hate, especially racist hate," Duda told the same news conference.

Set up by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland in 1940, at first to house Polish political prisoners, Auschwitz became the largest of the extermination centres where Adolf Hitler's plan to kill all Jews - the "Final Solution" - was put into practice.

Returning to the site where her relatives were murdered, 92-year-old Holocaust survivor Yvonne Engelman, who now lives in Australia, recalled the horrors of the camp.

"We could hear children coughing, crying, choking from the gas and also the smelling of the human flesh and the great fear what we experienced is that maybe you will be the next victim," she said.

Studies show that despite the experiences of those who suffered and died in the Holocaust anti-Semitic attitudes still persist.

A 2019 survey by the U.S.-based Anti-Defamation League showed that about one in four Europeans harbour "pernicious and pervasive" attitudes towards Jews, compared with 19% of North Americans.

In Germany, 42% agreed that "Jews still talk too much about what happened to them in the Holocaust", it said. Two people were killed in a shooting near a synagogue in eastern Germany in October, in what officials called an anti-Semitic attack.

German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier and Israel's Rivlin are among more than a dozen heads of state due to take part in ceremonies starting at 1430 GMT on Monday at the "Gate of Death", where rail tracks led trains packed with victims into the camp.

The commemorations take place as Poland seeks to highlight its own suffering during World War Two, in which six million Poles, including three million Polish Jews, were killed and Warsaw was razed to the ground.

For many non-Jewish Poles, Auschwitz remains the place where the Nazis jailed and killed Polish resistance fighters, the intelligentsia, Roman Catholic priests and innocent civilians.

Critics say the nationalist Law and Justice (PiS) government is not doing enough to counter anti-Semitism and is instead focussing on what it sees as Polish heroism during the war and downplaying Jews' claims to postwar restitution of property seized from them.

PiS says the West fails to grasp the extent of Poland's pain and bravery.